With NPR’s History Podcast ‘Throughline’ producers Rund Abdelfatah and Ramtin Arablouei, Khalil Gibran Muhammad, Harvard professor and author of The Condemnation of Blackness, summarizes the origins of policing in America in the slave patrols in the South, followed by the professionalization of police forces in the North that enforced social anxiety, xenophobic, nativist, racist attitudes that black people are criminals. To hear the 7-minute podcast, click here.